Study Guide and Resources for Exam 70-642 TS: Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure, Configuring
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In the Linux operating system the $PATH is a listing of all directories where the system will look for commands. What this means is that all of the commands located in the directories included in your path will be globally executable. For example: The /usr/bin directory contains quite a lot of commands that can be excuted from within any directory on your system. Because of this you can issue the ls command from within any directory and get the listing of the contents of that directory. If the ls command wasn’t in a directory in your path you would have to include the explicite path to that command (i.e. /usr/bin/ls).

As a Linux user you can add directories to your $PATH. This is helpful when you don’t want to add a command to a directory in your $PATH but you want that command to be globally executable. Doing this is actually quite easy.

What is currently in your $PATH?

NOTE: This article applies only when you are using the Bash shell. To find out what directories are included in your current $PATH issue the command:

echo $PATH

You should see something like:

/usr/lib/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/home/jlwallen/bin

Notice the /opt directory is missing. Often the /opt directory is a great place to “install” other applications for global use. But if this directory is not in your $PATH, you will always have to use the explicit path to call a command. With that in mind let’s add /opt.

.bash_profile

In order to add a directory you have to edit a file in your ~/ (home) directory. The .bash_profile file determines user specific environment and start up programs. This file also checks for a .bashrc file for aliases and functions, but that has nothing to do with your $PATH.

There is one particular line you need to examine in your .bash_profile:

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

This is the line that determines anything extra in your $PATH. As you can see, in the example above, the extra directory added to the users’ $PATH is the ~/bin directory. Of course in most distributions this isn’t used (or even created during installation). Why ~/bin is still included I do not know. In order to add another directory to your $PATH in this line you would seperate the directories with a “:”. To add the /opt directory that line would now look like:

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:/opt

As you can see the /opt directory has been added proceeding a “:”. Complete this addition and save the file. You’re not done yet.

If you issue the command echo $PATH you will still not see /opt in the users’ $PATH. Why? You have to log out and log back in before this change will take effect. So log out, log back in, and issue the command again. Issuing the command echo $PATH will not issue:

/usr/lib/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/home/jlwallen/bin:/opt

Any command found in the /opt directory is now global.

Final thoughts

The $PATH is a very powerful tool to take advantage of in Linux. By using it you can install applications in directories outside of the norm and still make them global. I often install applications in the /opt directory or will create a /data directory for a more temporary application installation.

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K.Alliance Designing a Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure | 3 GB

The Designing a Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure training CD is one of several training courses that you will need in order to fully prepare for your Enterprise Administrator certification. By closely following the exam objectives related to the network infrastructure design considerations, you will be well prepared for that portion of your certification exams. You’ll learn from a certified instructor just as if you attended a class and you’ll get hands-on practice – all at your convenience.
Use the Designing a Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure cbt training videos to get started as you work your way toward your new credentials. By the time you complete the Designing a Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure training CD, you will have the infrastructure design skills that Microsoft expects of its MCITP Enterprise Administrator candidates.

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K.Alliance Managing and Maintaining Windows Server 2008 Active Directory Servers DVD-iNKiSO | 2,1 GB

Release date: 05/19/2009

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The latest version of the Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) Courseware is due to be released and presented for the first time at Hacker Halted USA 2008 in June. Many small details of CEH Version 6 have been peppered on the Internet, as well as snippets of teaser copy on EC-Council’s own web site.

“With a total of 28 new and never seen before modules, covering the latest concepts, featuring more real life cases, and showcasing the latest hacking and security tools, the Certified Ethical Hacker (Version 6) will be the most advanced course ever.”

So I requested an interview with EC-Council to see if we could get confirmation as well as clarification. The questions are compiled from my own list as well as some others that were suggested by readers of The Ethical Hacker Network (EH-Net). EC-Council replied in a very timely manner with answers from both Haja Mohideen, co-founder of EC-Council, and Chuck Swanson, the instructor scheduled to teach the very first v6 offering of the course.

Download:
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There are times when you have only ICMP enabled for the outside world. Nothing else works and you want to get your stuff to work. So what do you do? Simple! Use PTunnel!

Ptunnel is an application that allows you to reliably tunnel TCP connections to a remote host using ICMP echo request and reply packets, commonly known as ping requests and replies. It does so by tunneling TCP connections over ICMP packets.

It’s features are:

• Tunnel TCP using ICMP echo request and reply packets
• Connections are reliable (lost packets are resent as necessary)
• Handles multiple connections
• Acceptable bandwidth (150 kb/s downstream and about 50 kb/s upstream are the currently measured maximas for one tunnel, but with tweaking this can be improved further)
• Authentication, to prevent just anyone from using your proxy

PTunnel will not work in the condition that when an outgoing/incoming ping not allowed, or filtered by a gateway somewhere along the way. Also, it does not involve any congestion control. But a good thing is that it is open source and supports both Linux, Windows & Mac. For Windows, you will also need WinPcap.

Download the latest version 0.70 here.

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